Samurai Unarmed Martial Arts Before the Edo Period: Exploring Jujutsu and Other Techniques

Before the Edo period, samurai extensively studied various forms of unarmed martial arts that collectively are known as jujutsu. These arts were developed to enable warriors to defend themselves in close combat when weapons were not available. This article delves into the key unarmed martial arts practiced by samurai and their significance in the evolution of Japanese martial arts.

Jujutsu: The Art of Joint Locks and Grappling

One of the most well-known forms of unarmed martial art among samurai is jujutsu. This art focuses on joint locks, throws, and grappling techniques. Jujutsu emphasized the principle of using an opponent’s force against them to overwhelm the adversary. Samurai often practiced jujutsu alongside weapon techniques, which enhanced their overall combat proficiency.

Bojutsu: Unarmed Principles in Weapon Mastery

Bojutsu primarily involves the use of a staff (bo). However, many techniques within bojutsu include principles of unarmed combat. This includes striking and grappling, making it a comprehensive martial art that transitions seamlessly between armed and unarmed combat. Samurai who mastered bojutsu trained with a staff but also incorporated unarmed techniques for situations where the staff was not available.

Tantojutsu: Dagger Techniques and Close-Quarters Combat

Tantojutsu refers to techniques involving the use of a dagger (tanto). In addition to dagger techniques, samurai also learned close-quarters combat techniques that could be applied unarmed. These techniques were essential in scenarios where direct hand-to-hand combat was necessary.

Aikijujutsu: Predecessor to Modern Aikido

Aikijujutsu, a martial art that predates modern Aikido, emphasized blending with an opponent’s movements and using their energy against them. This art incorporated both grappling and striking techniques, making it a versatile and dynamic form of unarmed combat. Samurai who practiced aikijujutsu developed a deep understanding of body mechanics and timing, which were crucial for survival in battle.

Ninjutsu: Unconventional Warfare and Espionage

While ninjutsu is often associated with the stealthy tactics of the ninjas, it also included unarmed combat techniques that samurai might have studied. These techniques were particularly relevant in the context of espionage and unconventional warfare. Samurai who engaged in espionage operations would have needed to remain nimble and proficient in unarmed combat to navigate dangerous situations and execute their missions effectively.

Evolution of Martial Arts: Kumi-Uchi and Hojojutsu

Among the references to kumi-uchi, which essentially involved wrestling in armor, there was a primary intent to either subdue or restrain an equally armored opponent until a weak point could be exploited for a fatal strike or to bind him using hojojutsu. This technique was aimed at taking the captive. Kumi-uchi played a significant role in the evolution of jujutsu, as its principles of using force against an opponent’s force became essential in unarmed combat.

Other posts mention that individual clans had their own combat systems, which then morphed into classical bujutsu. This ultimately gave rise to the modern bujutsu and budo that we know today. The techniques and philosophies developed during the pre-Edo period laid the groundwork for many modern Japanese martial arts, ensuring their relevance and continued practice.

By studying and practicing these unarmed martial arts, samurai not only honed their physical prowess but also developed a deep understanding of the principles of combat. These techniques and philosophies continue to influence modern martial arts and combat sports.

Keywords: samurai martial arts, jujutsu, bojutsu